The Soviet "Moon Programme" |
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ZOND-5 and the first Turtle, Wine-fly and Worm Astronauts!62 visteZond-5 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (68-076B) in Earth parking orbit to make scientific studies during a Lunar Fly-by and to return to Earth. En route to the Moon the main stellar attitude control optical surface became contaminated and was rendered unusable. Backup sensors were used to guide the spacecraft. On Sept. 18, 1968, the spacecraft flew around the Moon. The closest distance was 1.950 Km. High quality photographs of the Earth were taken at a distance of 90.000 Km.
A biological payload of turtles, wine flies, meal worms, plants, seeds, bacteria and other living matter was included in the flight. Additionally, according to the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the pilot's seat was a 175 cm tall, 70 kg mannequin containing radiation detectors. Returning to Earth another attitude control sensor failed, making the planned guided entry impossible and forcing the spacecraft controllers to use a direct ballistic entry. On Sept. 21, 1968, the reentry capsule entered the Earth's atmosphere, braked aerodynamically, and deployed parachutes at 7 km. The capsule splashed down in the backup area in the Indian Ocean at 32.63 degrees S, 65.55 degrees E and was successfully recovered, safely returning the biological payload. It was announced that the turtles (steppe tortoises) had lost about 10% of their body weight but remained active and showed no loss of appetite. The spacecraft was planned as a precursor to crewed lunar spacecraft. It represented the first successful Soviet circumlunar mission.
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ZOND-3: the Spacecraft86 visteZond 3 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (65-056B) Earth orbiting platform towards the Moon and Interplanetary Space on July, 18, 1965. The spacecraft was equipped with an f106 mm camera and TV system that provided automatic inflight film processing. On July 20, Lunar Fly-by occurred approximately 33 hours after launch and at a closest approach of 9200 Km. 25 pictures of very good quality were taken of the Lunar Far-Side from distances of 11.570 to 9960 Km over a period of about 68'.
The photos covered 19.000.000 square-Km of the Lunar Surface.
Photo transmissions by facsimile were returned to Earth from a distance of 2,2 MKM and were retransmitted from a distance of 31,5 MKM (some signals still being transmitted from the distance of the orbit of Mars), thus proving the ability of the communications system.
After the Lunar Fly-by, Zond 3 continued its space exploration moving in a heliocentric orbit.
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Unnamed small crater ahead94 vistenessun commento
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Unknown Crater106 visteUn altro cratere senza nome e dalle dimensioni ignote si apre davanti alle telecamere del Lunokhod-1.
Non possiamo esserne certi e la mancanza di punti di riferimento sicuri non ci aiuta; tuttavia, a giudicare da alcuni dei frames che seguono, ci sentiamo di dire che questo cratere venne (probabilmente) esplorato dal Rover il quale riuscì anche a scendere al suo interno: un'operazione - si noti - anche se il cratere è piccolo e poco profondo, per nulla semplice.
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Tracks on the Moon183 visteAs with many Soviet space images, generation loss prevents us from seeing the original quality. Most Lunokhod images are derived from scanning printed images or second-generation film copies.
Each stage of photography, printing and scanning introduces noise, nonlinear brighness mapping, and (worst of all) clamping to white or black.
As a matter of fact, all these images only hint at the appearance of the original video signal.
Nota: oltre le tecnicalità sulla fotografia, guardate attentamente il "nido" e le "tracce" lasciate dal Rover Lunokhod-1. Eravamo nel 1970, in piena Era Apollo, lontanissimi dai giorni di Spirit ed Opportunity eppure...eppure la tecnologia di Spirit ed Opportunity c'era già: davanti a noi, in queste immagini, e sulla Luna.
Le considerazioni - inevitabili - che seguono, già le conoscete...
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The walls of LeMonnier Crater76 visteOn June 4, 1973, the Soviet Authorities announced that the Program was completed, leading to speculation that the vehicle probably failed in mid-May or could not be revived after the lunar night of May-June.
The Lunokhod-2 was not left in a position such that the laser retro-reflector could be used, thus indicating that the failure may have happened suddenly.
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The surface of the Moon, from ZOND-7 (3)62 vistenessun commento
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The surface of the Moon, from ZOND-7 (2)75 vistenessun commento
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The surface of the Moon, from ZOND-7 (1)61 vistenessun commento
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The surface of Oceanus Procellarum169 visteThe List:
Luna 1: launched on January, 2, 1959 - Lunar Fly-By;
Luna 2: launched on September, 12, 1959 - Impacted Moon on Sept. 14, 1959 at ~07:30:00 UT (Lat. 29,10° N; Long. 0.00 - Palus Putredinis);
Luna 3: launched on October, 4, 1959 - Lunar Fly-by;
Luna 4: launched on April, 2, 1963 - Lunar Fly-By;
Luna 5: launched on May, 9, 1965 - Impacted Moon (Mare Nubium);
Luna 6: launched on June, 8, 1965 - Attempted Lander - Missed Moon;
Luna 7: launched on October, 4, 1965 - Lunar Impact - Oceanus Procellarum;
Luna 8: launched on December,3, 1965 - Lunar Impact - Oceanus Procellarum;
Luna 9: launched on January, 31, 1966 - Landed on the Moon on Feb., 3, 1966, at 18:44:52 UT (Lat. 7,08° N; Long. 295,63° E - Oceanus Procellarum);
Luna 10: launched on March, 31, 1966 - LO
Luna 11: launched on August, 24, 1966 - LO
Luna 12: launched on October, 22, 1966 - LO
Luna 13: launched on December, 21, 1966 - Landed on the Moon on Dec., 24, 1966 at 18:01:00 UT (Lat. 18,87° N; 297,95° E - Oceanus Procellarum).
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The floor of LeMonnier Crater (video frames) - (3)63 vistenessun commento
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The floor of LeMonnier Crater (video frames) - (2)82 vistenessun commento
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