| Piú votate - The Soviet "Moon Programme" |
Luna21-Horz10.jpgThe walls of LeMonnier Crater104 visiteOn June 4, 1973, the Soviet Authorities announced that the Program was completed, leading to speculation that the vehicle probably failed in mid-May or could not be revived after the lunar night of May-June.
The Lunokhod-2 was not left in a position such that the laser retro-reflector could be used, thus indicating that the failure may have happened suddenly. 
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Luna21-Horz02-1.jpgThe "Nest" of Lunokhod-2154 visiteAt this point the main thrusters shut down and the secondary thrusters ignited, slowing the fall until the lander was 1,5 mt above the surface of the Moon, where the engine was cut off.
Landing occurred at 23:35 UT in LeMonnier Crater, located at 25,85° North and 30,45° East.
The Lander carried a bas relief of Lenin and the Soviet coat-of-arms.
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Luna21-Horz01.jpgThe first picture of the Moon, from Luna-21: LeMonnier Crater113 visiteScientific instruments included a soil mechanics tester, solar X-ray experiment, an astrophotometer to measure visible and UV light levels, a magnetometer deployed in front of the Rover on the end of a 2,5 mt boom, a radiometer, a photodetector (Rubin-1) for laser detection experiments, and a French-supplied laser corner-reflector. The Lander and Rover together weighed 1814 Kg.
Mission Profile
The SL-12/D-1-e launcher put the spacecraft into Earth parking orbit followed by Translunar Injection. On 12 January 1973, Luna 21 was braked into a 90x100 Km orbit around the Moon. On 13 and 14 January, the perilune was lowered to 16 Km altitude. On 15 January, after 40 orbits, the braking rocket was fired at 16 Km altitude, and the craft went into free fall.
At an altitude of 750 mt, the main thrusters began firing, slowing the fall until a height of 22 mt was reached.
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Zond-07-14.jpgThe surface of the Moon, from ZOND-7 (1)85 visitenessun commento
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Zond-03-26.jpgThe Moon, from ZOND-3 (5)92 visitenessun commento
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Zond-03-18.jpgThe Moon, from ZOND-3 (4)85 visitenessun commento
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Zond-03-14.jpgThe Moon, from ZOND-3 (3)88 visitenessun commento
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Zond-03-07.jpgThe Moon, from ZOND-3 (2)100 visitenessun commento
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Zond-03-03.jpgThe Moon, from ZOND-3 (1)107 visiteOne July 20, 1965, Zond-3 was the second spacecraft to view the Far-Side of the Moon.
However, this model 3MV spacecraft was actually designed for Missions to Mars and Venus.
Using a phototelevision camera, 29 frames were exposed. The Zond-3 camera was developed by A.S. Selivanov and his team at the Institute of Space Device Engineering. The images were processed and analyzed by Iu.N. Lipskii and his team at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute.
The frames 1 and 2 were probably pre-exposed test patterns and have not been published; frames 8-10 contained an ultraviolet spectrum, and frame 25 was never received.
Using digital pulse-position modulation, all frames were scanned and transmitted in 67-line resolution and selected images were retransmitted at 1100-line resolution.
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Zond-03-00.jpgZOND-3: the Spacecraft120 visiteZond 3 was launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik (65-056B) Earth orbiting platform towards the Moon and Interplanetary Space on July, 18, 1965. The spacecraft was equipped with an f106 mm camera and TV system that provided automatic inflight film processing. On July 20, Lunar Fly-by occurred approximately 33 hours after launch and at a closest approach of 9200 Km. 25 pictures of very good quality were taken of the Lunar Far-Side from distances of 11.570 to 9960 Km over a period of about 68'.
The photos covered 19.000.000 square-Km of the Lunar Surface.
Photo transmissions by facsimile were returned to Earth from a distance of 2,2 MKM and were retransmitted from a distance of 31,5 MKM (some signals still being transmitted from the distance of the orbit of Mars), thus proving the ability of the communications system.
After the Lunar Fly-by, Zond 3 continued its space exploration moving in a heliocentric orbit.
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Luna17-Horz33b.jpgLunar Surface - and a very unusual boulder - from Luna 17 (3)138 visitenessun commento
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Luna17-Horz31-b.jpgRover tracks120 visitenessun commento
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