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0-SMART-1.jpgSMART-1 and the Moon89 visiteThe solar electric primary propulsion on-board SMART-1 is a Stationary Plasma Hall-effect thruster, the PPS-1350 developed by SNECMA, France. Using Xenon gas as propellant and the power from the spacecraft's solar arrays, the thruster is capable of providing a thrust of something like 70 milliNewtons. Using the thrust of the electric propulsion system, SMART-1 progressively expanded its orbit, spiralling out from Earth and was caught by the Moon's gravitational field on 15 November 2004, nearly 14 months after launch. In order to enhance the capture opportunities and to save precious fuel, SMART-1 also made use of celestial mechanics, including Moon resonances and swing-bys. The spacecraft exploited the unstable regions of space where the gravity field of Earth and Moon compete and which are normally avoided by conventional trajectories. It passed through the L1 point of the Earth-Moon System which allowed for the spacecraft to be caught by the Moon's gravity.
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00-Mars.jpgMars, from "Mars 3": the Red Planet! (1)102 visiteL'idea di offrire ai nostri Amici Lettori una carrellata di immagini che mostrassero, in maniera adeguata, gli incredibili - anche se passati, in larghissima misura, sotto silenzio - successi del Programma Spaziale Sovietico, era già nelle nostre intenzioni da parecchio tempo.
Con oggi (2 Febbraio 2006) iniziamo a vedere qualcosa che, sebbene faccia ormai parte della Storia e non più dell'attualità, non potrà non stupire, sorprendere e meravigliare: l'Agenzia Spaziale Sovietica, sin dai primi Anni '60, era già estremamente evoluta (ben più della NASA), ma una impressionante serie di rovesci (alcuni dei quali così assurdi da far pensare al sabotaggio più che alla sfortuna...), unita ad una propaganda rivolta al "silenzio" e non alla "pubblicizzazione", la portarono a recitare, negli anni a venire, un mero ruolo di comprimaria nell'Avventura Spaziale.
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00-SMART1.jpgSMART-1 and the Moon77 visiteSMART-1's science payload, with a total mass of some 15 Kg, features many innovative instruments and advanced technologies. These are:
- AMIE, a miniaturised HR camera for Lunar Surface imaging;
- SIR, a Near-Infrared Point-Spectrometer for Lunar mineralogy investigation;
- D-CIXS, a very compact X-ray Spectrometer with a new type of detector and micro-collimator which will provide fluorescence spectroscopy and imagery of the Moon's surface elemental composition;
- XSM, an X-ray monitor to support D-CIXS by providing measurements of solar X-ray emission for calibration:
- KaTE, an experiment aimed at demonstrating deep-space telemetry and telecommand communications in the X and Ka-bands;
- RSIS, a Radio-Science Experiment relying on KaTE. It monitors the electric propulsion by means of tracking techniques. In lunar orbit it will, with AMIE, also study the Moon's libration.
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000-0-Mars.jpgMeteor strike on Mars112 visiteMars may have lost much of its atmosphere during asteroid impacts early in its history.
The Beagle 2 lander will look for signatures of life on Mars, whether long-dead or still-living, by measuring the ratio of two different types of carbon in the rocks. Biological processes on Earth favour the lighter isotope of carbon, carbon-12, over the heavier carbon-13. Hence, a high carbon-12 to carbon-13 ratio is taken as evidence of life and has been found in rocks up to 4 billion years old, even where geological processing has occurred. The hope is that the same occurred on Mars.
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000-P-FILTERS.jpgJust to remember...60 visitenessun commentoMareKromium
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0003-Artemis_One.jpgLook! The Moon, again...110 visiteOn Nov. 20, 2022, such as the fifth day of the 25,5-day Artemis I mission, a camera mounted on the tip of one of Orion’s solar array wings captured this footage of the Spacecraft and the Moon as it continued to grow nearer to our neighbor. The Spacecraft entered the lunar sphere of influence at 2:09 p.m. EST, making the Moon, instead of Earth, the main gravitational force acting on it. Orion completed its first fly-by on the morning of Nov. 21, 2022.MareKromium
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01-Mars.jpgMars, from "Mars 3": the Red Planet! (2)64 visiteQuesta Galleria costituisce un tributo a tutti quei Pionieri (Ingegneri, Astronomi, Astronauti, Tecnici e Collaboratori vari) che lavorarono nel silenzio oltre la "Cortina di Ferro". Costoro, diciamo "per mera sfortuna", mancarono l'obbiettivo di far scendere due Astronauti sulla Luna, ma furono tuttavia capaci, a costo di sacrifici immensi (e, a quanto si dice, di innumerevoli vite), di portare alcune Sonde (e svariati Landers) sulla Luna, nello Spazio di Marte, sul Pianeta Rosso e su Venere, raccogliendo sia preziose informazioni scientifiche, sia immagini di grandissimo valore storico e di enorme impatto visivo.
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020-The Moon from Clem-Solar Corona.jpg023 - Solar Corona54 visiteImage of the Moon taken by the Star Tracker camera onboard Clementine. The bright glow over the horizon is the Solar Corona (outer atmosphere) showing from behind the Moon. Craters at left are illuminated by Earthshine, the light reflected off the Earth and onto the Moon. The dark part of the Moon is on the Lunar Far-Side. Do not equate "Dark-Side" with "Far-Side": the Far-Side experiences the same day-night cycle (28 days) as the Near-Side.
It just happens to be night on the Far-Side in this image.
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03-C_Mars03_Atmosphere2.jpgThe "foggy" limb of Mars88 visiteThe first Soviet Orbiters, Mars-2 and Mars-3, arrived on November 27 and December 2, 1971. They carried the 52mm "Vega" and 350mm "Zulfar" phototelevision cameras (later used on Mars-4 and 5), carrying enough film for 480 photos per camera. These cameras were designed by A.S. Selivanov and his team at the Institute of Space Device Engineering.
The original plan was to spend the first 40 days performing photographic surveys; however, Mars was experiencing a severe planet-wide dust storm when the Soviet probes (and the American Mariner-9) arrived.
This photo left shows the atmospheric limb during the dust storm, from a distance of about 150.000 Km (the orbit of Mars-3 was highly elongated). Mars-2 did not return much data because of problems with its telemetry systems.
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030-OPP-SOL209.jpgOver the Walls of Endurance (1)...66 visiteIpotesi di alba Marziana con il Sole capace di esprimere la stessa luminosità che è percepibile dalla Terra.
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032-OPP-SOL209.jpgOver the Walls of Endurance... (2)75 visiteImmagine in cui il Sole, ora, esprime un terzo in meno della luminosità percepibile dalla Terra. Notate una differenza?
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04-C_Mars03_Mountains.jpgMars Mountains79 visiteContrary to some reports, the phototelevision cameras on Mars-3 were functional after the dust storm subsided, in December. At least four photographic surveys have been reported (December 12 and 14, February 28 and March 12). Images were returned by pulse-code modulation over the decimeter-band telemetry channel, after the centimeter-band pulse-position modulation system failed.
The decimeter transmitter suffered from intermittant failures and was used very cautiously. Only after important science data was gathered, a small number of images at LR were transmitted (using a 256-line mode). The color image of Mars (picture n. 1) is a composite from the 52 mm camera, using its program of cycling red, green and blue glass filters.
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