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000-P-FILTERS.jpgJust to remember...61 visitenessun commentoMareKromium
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000-The_Sun_from_Space.JPGThe Sun from all the Planets of the Solar System145 visiteCome appare (o meglio: "Quanto grande" dovrebbe apparire) il Disco Solare allorchè osservato da un Mondo diverso dalla Terra?
Senza pretesa di assolutezza matematica, questa Tavola dovrebbe fornirVi un'idea più precisa della questione su cui tanto ci siamo arrovellati sino ad ora.
Nota: i diversi diametri sono stati ipotizzati ragionando in termini di UA (Unità Astronomiche), laddove 1 UA = distanza Sole / Terra = 149.597.970 Km
ergo la distanza fra il Sole e Mercurio viene fatta mediamente pari a (circa *) 0,4 UA
fra il Sole e Venere è mediamente pari a (circa) 0,7 UA
fra il Sole e Marte è mediamente pari a (circa) 1,5 UA
fra il Sole e Giove è mediamente pari a (circa) 5,2 UA
fra il Sole e Saturno è mediamente pari a (circa) 9,5 UA
fra il Sole ed Urano è mediamente pari a (circa) 19,6 UA
fra il Sole e Nettuno è mediamente pari a (circa) 30 UA
fra il Sole ed il Sistema Binario Plutone-Caronte è mediamente pari a (circa) 39 UA
* diciamo circa perchè le orbite dei diversi Pianeti attorno al Sole NON descrivono cerchi perfetti (e quindi con raggio - distanza dal Sole - fisso), bensì delle ellissi più o meno allungate (le quali implicano l'esistenza di un "perielio" - o punto di massima vicinanza del Corpo Celeste considerato rispetto al Sole - ed un "afelio" - o punto di massima lontananza del Corpo Celeste considerato rispetto al Sole.MareKromium
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034-Methane_of_Mars.jpgMap of the "Martian Methane"73 visiteCaption NASA:"Why is there Methane on Mars? No one is sure.
An important confirmation that Methane exists in the Atmosphere of Mars occurred last week, bolstering previous controversial claims made as early as 2003. The confirmation was made spectroscopically using large ground-based telescopes by finding precise colors absorbed on Mars that match those absorbed by Methane on Earth.
Given that Methane is destroyed in the open martian air in a matter of years, the present existence of the fragile gas indicates that it is currently being released, somehow, from the Surface of Mars.
One prospect is that microbes living underground are creating it, or created in the past. If true, this opens the exciting possibility that life might be present under the Surface of Mars even today. Given the present data, however, it is also possible that a purely geologic process, potentially involving volcanism or rust and not involving any life forms, is the Methane creator.
Pictured above is an image of Mars superposed with a map of the recent Methane detection".
Nota Lunexit: se la Mappa NASA è realmente accurata ed il quantitativo di Metano presente in Atmosfera è quello "suggerito" dalla Mappa stessa, allora - sempre seguendo la "Logica NASA" - ci troveremmo davanti a due possibili scenari:
1) Scenario Geologico (Metano come prodotto di processi geologici): Marte è ancora soggetto attivo di fenomeni vulcanici tutt'altro che minori e residuali, visti i quantitativi e la distribuzione del Metano nell'Atmosfera del Pianeta Rosso, oppure
2) Scenario Biologico (Metano come sottoprodotto di attività biologiche attuali): Marte è, letteralmente, "brulicante di Vita" - altro che batteri e micro-organismi - visti, come sopra, i quantitativi e la distribuzione del Metano nell'Atmosfera del Pianeta Rosso.
SOTTOLINEIAMO che queste nostre congetture DERIVANO LOGICAMENTE DALL'ANALISI DEI DATI NASA e NON da nostre speculazioni!
Vi suggeriamo, inoltre, di notare la posizione dei maggiori quantitativi di Metano nell'Atmosfera Marziana...MareKromium
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Abell-1763-PIA10227.jpgCelestial Cities and the Roads that connect Them57 visiteThis is a representation of galaxies in and surrounding a galaxy cluster called Abell 1763. The placement of each dot is based on the actual coordinates of galaxies in the region. Blue dots are active star-forming galaxies; red dots show galaxies that are not actively forming stars.
Galaxies across the universe reside in cosmic communities big and small. Large, densely populated galactic communities are called galaxy clusters (highlighted in the orange circle). Like cities on Earth, galaxy clusters are scattered throughout the universe and are connected by a web of dusty highways called filaments (highlighted in purple). Smaller galactic communities are sprinkled along the filaments, creating celestial suburbs.
Over time, astronomers suspect that all galactic suburbanites make their way to a galaxy cluster by way of filaments. Observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope show that filamentary galaxies form stars at twice the rate of their densely clustered counterparts.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, also in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
MareKromium
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Enceladus-PIA10354.jpgStellar Data on "Enceladus Plume"120 visiteCaption NASA:"New structure, density and composition measurements of Enceladus' water plume were obtained when the Cassini Spacecraft's Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph observed the star "Zeta Orionis" pass behind the plume Oct. 24, 2007, as seen in this frame.
Changes in the starlight as it dimmed while passing through the plume allowed the spectrograph to identify the plume's physical and chemical composition.
The spectrograph detected 4 high-density gas streams composed of Water Vapor. The density of the Water Vapor is twice that of the broad plume of gas that surrounds each jet.
This measurement confirms the theoretical analysis performed prior to the flyby that showed it was safe for Cassini to fly very closely past Enceladus, even through part of the plume, during the March 12, 2008 flyby".MareKromium
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Enceladus-PIA10355.jpgGas and Dust Jets Match Up!54 visiteCaption NASA:"Jets of high-density gas detected by Cassini's Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph on Saturn's moon Enceladus match the locations of dust jets determined from Cassini images, labeled here with Roman numerals. The spectrograph pinpointed the locations of individual gas streams in the plume in a "stellar occultation", which involves measuring the light of a star (in this case, Zeta Orionis), as it passed behind the plume from Cassini's viewpoint.
The blue line in this projection shows the path of the starlight through the plume, over the South Polar Region of Enceladus.
The instrument looked at the star across this path in the direction indicated by the short blue lines.
Some of the dust jets appear to merge together in stellar occultation data. The dimming of starlight labeled "a" was caused by dust jets V and VII. The dimming of starlight marked as feature "b" may be associated with dust jet I if the jet is not perfectly vertical.
Dimming of starlight labeled "c" corresponds to dust jet VI, and "d" is dust jet III, with dust jet II in between. The individual jets come from sources with an area of less than 300 by 300 meters (such as about 1000 feet square) - about the size of half a tennis court - probably stretched out rectangularly along the Tiger Stripes.
The new data indicate that the water molecules are blasting off from Enceladus at faster than 600 meters per second (about 1200 mph)".MareKromium
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Enceladus-PIA10356.jpgWhat's in "Enceladus Plume"?55 visiteCaption NASA:"The lower panel is a Mass Spectrum that shows the chemical constituents sampled in Enceladus' plume by Cassini's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer during its fly-through of the plume on Mar. 12, 2008.
Shown are the amounts, in atomic mass per elementary charge (Daltons [Da]), of Water Vapor, Methane, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, simple organics and complex organics identified in the plume".MareKromium
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Enceladus-PIA10361-1.jpgJet Spots in Tiger Stripes57 visiteCaption NASA:"Heat radiating from the entire length of 150 Km (about 95 mile)-long fractures is seen in this best-yet heat map of the active South Polar Region of Saturn's ice moon Enceladus. The warmest parts of the fractures tend to lie on locations of the plume jets identified in earlier images, shown in the annotated version with yellow stars. The measurements were obtained by the Cassini Spacecraft's Composite Infrared Spectrometer from the spacecraft's close flyby of the moon on March 12, 2008.
Remarkably high temperatures, at least 180 Kelvin (such as -135 degrees Fahrenheit) were registered along the brightest fracture, named Damascus Sulcus, in the lower left portion of the image. For comparison, surface temperatures elsewhere in the South Polar Region of Enceladus are below 72 Kelvin (such as -330 degrees Fahrenheit).
Heat is escaping from Enceladus' interior along these warm fractures, dubbed "Tiger Stripes", which are also the source of the geysers that erupt from the Polar Region.
The infrared radiation was mapped at wavelengths between 12 and 16 microns. The infrared data, shown in false color, are superimposed on a grayscale image mosaic of the South Pole obtained by Cassini's cameras on July 14, 2005, during the previous close Enceladus flyby. Numbers on the map indicate Latitude and Longitude.
This new view shows that at least 3 of the South Polar fractures are active along almost their full lengths - the 4th one, on the right, was only partially covered by this scan. The level of activity varies greatly along the fractures. The warmest parts of the fractures tend to lie on locations of the plume jets identified in earlier images. The main "Tiger Stripe" fractures are not the only sources of heat, however; additional warm spots are seen in the upper right part of the scan.
The warm regions are probably concentrated within less than a few hundred meters (a few hundred yards) of the fractures, and their apparent width in this image results from the relatively low resolution of the infrared data.
This map was made by scanning the South Pole during the period from 16' to 37' (minutes) after closest approach to Enceladus, at a distance between 14.000 and 32.000 Km (about 8.700 and 20.000 miles) as Cassini rapidly receded from its close (50-Km or about 32-miles) flyby".MareKromium
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EnceladusPlume-IMG002944-br500.jpgEnceladus' Plume Mechanics53 visiteCaption NASA:"This graphic shows how the ice particles and water vapor observed spewing from geysers on Saturn's moon Enceladus may be related to liquid water beneath the surface.
The large number of ice particles and the rate at which they are produced require high temperatures, close to the melting point of water. These warm temperatures indicate that there may be an internal lake of liquid water at or near the moon's South Pole, where the geysers are present.
This internal lake could be similar to Earth's Lake Vostok, where liquid water is locked in ice beneath Antarctica. The presence of liquid water inside Enceladus would have major implications for future studies of the possibility of life in the outer solar system". MareKromium
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Gravitational_Lensing-01.jpgGravitational Lensing and "Light Distortion"54 visite"...Noi continuiamo a definire, reputare e trattare il Tempo e lo Spazio come ed in quanto Misure Lineari.
Questo, a mio parere, equivale a dire che non solo le nostre "basi" sono fatiscenti, ma altresì che noi non abbiamo la minima idea di che cosa il Tempo e lo Spazio sìano effettivamente...
Comunque sia, dobbiamo aspettare. La Verità, nella Vita come nella Scienza, alla fine si automanifesta e si dimostra da sola, nonostante tutto e tutti..."
Paolo C. Fienga (appunti)MareKromium
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HD-189733b-1.jpgExtra-Solar Planet HD 189733b54 visiteNASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has made the first detection ever of an organic molecule in the atmosphere of a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting another star. This breakthrough is an important step in eventually identifying signs of life on a planet outside our Solar System.
The molecule found by Hubble is Methane, which under the right circumstances can play a key role in prebiotic chemistry — the chemical reactions considered necessary to form life as we know it.
This discovery proves that Hubble and upcoming space missions, such as NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, can detect organic molecules on planets around other stars by using spectroscopy, which splits light into its components to reveal the "fingerprints" of various chemicals.
"This is a crucial stepping stone to eventually characterizing prebiotic molecules on planets where life could exist," said Mark Swain of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., who led the team that made the discovery. Swain is lead author of a paper appearing in the March 20 (2008) issue of Nature.
The discovery comes after extensive observations made in May 2007 with Hubble's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). It also confirms the existence of water molecules in the planet's atmosphere, a discovery made originally by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope in 2007. "With this observation there is no question whether there is water or not — water is present", said Swain.
The planet now known to have Methane and water is located 63 Light-Years away in the constellation Vulpecula. Called HD 189733b, the planet is so massive and so hot it is considered an unlikely host for life. HD 189733b, dubbed a "hot Jupiter", is so close to its parent star it takes just over two days to complete an orbit. These objects are the size of Jupiter but orbit closer to their stars than the tiny innermost planet Mercury in our solar system.
HD 189733b's atmosphere swelters at 1700 degrees Fahrenheit, about the same temperature as the melting point of Silver.
Though the star-hugger planet is too hot for life as we know it, "this observation is proof that spectroscopy can eventually be done on a cooler and potentially habitable Earth-sized planet orbiting a dimmer red dwarf–type star," Swain said. The ultimate goal of studies like these is to identify prebiotic molecules in the atmospheres of planets in the "habitable zones" around other stars, where temperatures are right for water to remain liquid rather than freeze or evaporate away.
The observations were made as the planet HD 189733b passed in front of its parent star in what astronomers call a transit. As the light from the star passed briefly through the atmosphere along the edge of the planet, the gases in the atmosphere imprinted their unique signatures on the starlight from the star HD 189733.
The astronomers were surprised to find that the planet has more Methane than predicted by conventional models for "hot Jupiters".
"This indicates we don't really understand exoplanet atmospheres yet," said Swain. "These measurements are an important step to our ultimate goal of determining the conditions, such as temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, etc., and the chemistry on planets where life could exist. Infrared spectroscopy is really the key to these studies because it is best matched to detecting molecules", said Swain.
Swain's co-authors on the paper include Gautam Vasisht of JPL and Giovanna Tinetti of University College, London/European Space Agency.MareKromium
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HD-189733b-2.jpgExtra-Solar Planet HD 189733b53 visite"...The eye, is the lamp of the body. So, if your eye is healthy, your whole body will be full of light..."
- Matthew, 6:22MareKromium
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