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ZZ-Mercury-Craters-Snorri_Crater-PIA16993-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgSnorri Crater (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)88 visiteThe bright, Rayed Impact Crater visible in this image taken by the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft, is one of the most prominent that we can find on the Planet Mercury. Named Snorri, after an Icelandic writer and poet, this Impact Crater is approx. 21 Km (such as a little more than 13 miles) in diameter and it was, in fact, discovered after the examination of the images returned by the NASA - Mariner 10 Spacecraft when it flew by Mercury on September, 21, 1974.
This frame was acquired as part of MDIS's High-Resolution Surface Morphology Base Map. The Surface Morphology Base Map covers more than 99% of Mercury's Surface with an Average Resolution of 200 meters/pixel. Images acquired for the Surface Morphology Base Map typically are obtained at off-vertical Sun Angles (---> high Solar Incidence Angles) and have visible Shadows so to clearly reveal the actual topographic forms/shapes of the imaged Geologic Features.
Date acquired: October, 14th, 2011
Image Mission Elapsed Time (MET): 227045180
Image ID: 882221
Instrument: Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
Center Latitude: 9,42° South
Center Longitude: 277,10° East
Resolution: 195 meters/pixel
Solar Incidence Angle: 22,4° (meaning that the Sun, at the time that the picture was taken, was about 67,6° above the imaged Local Mercurian Horizon)
Emission Angle: 51,0°
Sun-Mercury-Messenger (or "Phase") Angle: 73,4°
This image (which is an Original NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft Map Projected b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16993) has been additionally processed and then colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mercury), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Minerals) present on the Surface of Mercury, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 28, 2013
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ESP_025231_1720-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgFeatures of Jus Chasma (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)107 visiteThis image, taken by the NASA - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in December 2011, shows us a portion of Jus Chasma, a segment of the massive Martian Canyon System known as Vallis Marineris; the most important detail visible in the picture is given by the presence, within the Chasma, of a Fault (which, by the way, it had been previously imaged by the NASA - Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) - Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC).
If you look carefully towards the centre/right (Dx) side of the picture, you will also notice that a small Valley cuts across the Ridge. Planetary Scientists have asked themselves if what we see here could be the final result of the action of some Tectonic Process, and a Study that was carried out about this topic in the AD 2012, suggested that Mars actually possesses Tectonic Plates! However, and even admitting that what has been suggested by the aformentioned Study is actually true, the question about how these processes worked (or are still working, even though in just a "residual way"...) here and, perhaps, elsewhere on the Red Planet, is still unanswered.
Mars Local Time: 14:56 (Early Afternoon)
Coord. (centered): 7,899° South Lat. and 279,399° East Long.
Spacecraft altitude: 287,5 Km (such as about 178,53 miles)
Original image scale range: 28,8 cm/pixel (with 1 x 1 binning) so objects ~ 86 cm across are resolved
Map projected scale: 25 cm/pixel
Map projection: EQUIRECTANGULAR
Emission Angle: 24,3°
Phase Angle: 33,4°
Solar Incidence Angle: 50° (meaning that the Sun was about 40° above the Local Horizon at the time the picture was taken)
Solar Longitude: 43,2° (Northern Spring - Southern Fall)
Credits: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Additional process. and coloring: Lunar Explorer Italia
This picture (which is a NASA - Original Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter NON_Map Projected CTX b/w frame identified by the serial n. ESP_025231_1720 and a NASA - Original Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter EDM false-color frame identified by the serial n. ESP_025164_1655-1) have been additionally processed and then colorized (and re-colorized, respectively) in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mars), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team.MareKromiumApr 28, 2013
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ZZ-Mercury-Z2.jpgFading away...114 visiteUn piccolo esempio di come la NASA "giochi" con i colori dei Pianeti: nell'inset, come da didascalia, un'immagine in "True Colors" di Mercurio ottenuta dalla Sonda Mariner 10, durante il terzo Fly-By di Mercurio, occorso nel lontano AD 1975. Mercurio, come in TUTTE le foto dell'epoca (incluse quelle ottenute via-telescopio, da Terra) appare di un color rossiccio/marrone, ed infatti più di un Astronomo, in quegli anni, disse che Mercurio era "molto più rosso/arancio di Marte".
Perchè?
Per effetto dell'azione, incessante e combinata, delle particelle cariche che formano il Vento Solare ed i Raggi Cosmici; particelle che, per almeno 4,5/5 miliardi di anni, hanno "martellato" Mercurio (particelle cariche le quali, unite all'azione di bombardamento meteorico, costituiscono l'essenza del cosiddetto "Space Weathering").
Ora, qual'è l'effetto del bombardamento di particelle cariche sulla roccia che forma i Corpi Celesti "massicci" (la roccia che è "esposta" al duro "Ambiente Cosmico", come si dice tecnicamente - Harsh Space Environment)? Semplice: prima la roccia diventa rosa, poi più scura (diciamo arancio/rossiccia), poi ancora più scura (rosso/marrone) ed infine diviene nera. In altre parole: l'azione congiunta delle particelle che formano il Vento Solare (il quale "batte" Mercurio incessantemente e da - relativamente - vicino) e di quelle che formano i Raggi Cosmici, porta la roccia a diventare, negli eoni, sempre più scura.
Questo concetto che Vi ho appena esposto è accettato dall'INTERA Comunità Scientifica.
Ora, come vedete, la NASA ci fa vedere un qualcosa di assolutamente bizzarro, ossia la Superficie di Mercurio che, negli anni tra il 1975 ed il 2011, anzichè rimanere scura (o scurirsi ancor di più) si è "schiarita". E allora? Come è mai possibile una cosa simile? Semplice: non è possibile.
Questo vuol dire che le foto Mariner 10 del 1975 (dal punto di vista cromatico) erano genuine, al pari delle immagini ottenute da Terra. D'altro canto, le foto MESSENGER che ci arrivano adesso sono, sempre dal punto di vista cromatico, "taroccate": per l'esattezza, sono state TUTTE sovrasaturate - ergo sbiadite nei toni cromatici, così "trasformando" Mercurio da Pianeta Rossiccio/Marrone, in Pianeta Grigio.
Perchè? Beh, questo chiedetelo ai Ragazzi di Pasadena: loro, con i colori, ci giocano da parecchi anni....MareKromiumApr 26, 2013
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The_Moon-G_A_Gentile-AndreaGG-LXTT-IPF.jpgWaning Moon... (by Giuseppe Andrea Gentile/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)130 visite"...Raise your eyes now, and look from the place where you are: for all the Land that you see, I will give it to you..."
Genesis 13:14-15MareKromiumApr 25, 2013
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SOL0027-PIA16803-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgOn the Floor of Gale... - Sol 27 (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color. Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)147 visiteThis frame, taken by the Mast Camera (MastCam) onboard the NASA - Mars Exploration Rover (MER) - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity", shows to Planetary Researchers some very interesting colors, patterns and textures in this Unnamed Rock imaged during the 27th Martian Day, or Sol, of the Rover's work at Gale Crater - Mars (such as September, 2, 2012 on Earth). The Unnamed Rock is about 2,4" (such as approx. 6,096 centimeters) across and it shows a relatively dark gray-blue color overall, with lighter, whitish tones which are organized in patterns that may indicate/suggest the presence of distinct Crystals made of different Materials (---> Minerals) inside it.
Several Patches of very thin Dust, showing the usual (and let's say "dominant", on the Floor of Gale Crater) light brown-orange color, can also be seen all over the Rock and, in particular, on its very top as well as on to its, relatively, flat right side. Last, but not least, after a very careful observation of the lower Features of the Rock, we believe, as IPF, that the possibility where the Rock itself might be (even partially) empty (thus making it look like an irregular "bowl" or an "helmet", once it is turned upside-down) should also be considered.
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Mars Exploration Rover - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity" natural color frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16803) has been additionally processed and then re-colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were near the NASA - Mars Exploration Rover (MER) - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity" and then looked ahead, towards the Rock dubbed "Sutton Inlier", which is located in front of the Rover), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Minerals) present on the Surface of Gale Crater, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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SOL0174-PIA16804-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgSutton Inlier - Sol 174 (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)146 visiteThis frame, which was taken by the Mast Camera (MastCam) onboard the NASA - Mars Exploration Rover (MER) - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity", shows us some very interesting colors which were found inside a Rock called "Sutton Inlier": a relatively small Rock that was broken by the Rover itself, while driving over it.
The MastCam took this image during the 174th Martian Day, or Sol, of the Rover's work at Gale Crater - Mars (such as January 31, 2013 on Earth). The Rock is about 5" - inches - (such as 12,7 centimeters) wide at the end closest to the camera. The inside of the Rock, which is found in the "Yellowknife Bay" area of Gale Crater, shows us a color that lies in between from a light gray to a very pale blue, and without traces of orange or red (the colors that, as you know, are the typical ones that characterize almost all the exposed - to the Martian Open Environment - Dusty and/or Rocky Materials and Surfaces).
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Mars Exploration Rover - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity" natural"color frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16804) has been additionally processed and then re-colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were near the NASA - Mars Exploration Rover (MER) - Mars Laboratory "Curiosity" and then looked ahead, towards the Rock dubbed "Sutton Inlier", which is located in front of the Rover), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Minerals) present on the Surface of Gale Crater, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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ZZ-Mercury-Craters-Donalaitis_Crater-PIA16958-PCF-LXTT-IPF-1.jpgDonelaitis Crater (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/IPF)115 visiteThis composite of three frames, taken by the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft in August 2011, shows us the recently named Donalaitis Crater (whose diameter is approx. 84,5 Km - such as about 52,47 miles - and it lies well visible at the center of the image). As you can see, this Complex Mercurian Impact Crater exhibits some extremely unusually-looking bright yellow-orangish Deposits on its Floor. These colorful and very bright Deposits, as you may easily notice, contrast starkly with the much darker and gray colors (with pale brown/reddish nuances and some brighter white spots - where the latter could be, perhaps, some Hollows-covered areas) of the surrounding (and highly cratered) Terrain.
Donelaitis Crater was named after Kristijonas Donelaitis (1714 - 1780), a Lithuanian poet. His classic poem, 'The Seasons (Metai)', describes the lives of Lithuanian peasants, who at the time of its writing were being pushed into serfdom as most of their country was annexed by the Russian Empire.
Date acquired: August, 21st, 2011
Images Mission Elapsed Time (MET): 222408661, 222408681, 222408665
Images ID: 658976, 658981, 658977
Instrument: Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
Center Latitude: 51,81° South
Center Longitude: 39,11° East
Resolution: 874 meters/pixel
Solar Incidence Angle: 56,2° (meaning that the Sun, at the time that the picture was taken, was about 33,8° above the imaged Local Mercurian Horizon)
Emission Angle: 0,5°
Sun-Mercury-Messenger (or "Phase") Angle: 55,7°
This picture (which has been cropped from an Original NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft false color image-mosaic published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16958) has been additionally processed and then colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mercury), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Minerals) present on the Surface of Mercury, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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ZZ-Mercury-Craters-Unnamed_Crater-PIA16948-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgUnnamed Crater with "Slump" Deposits (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)118 visiteThe Unnamed Impact Crater visible in this image taken by the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft shows prominent "Slump Deposits" that were created when the Crater Walls collapsed and, perhaps, some portion of the Ejecta, fell back down, inside the Crater itself. These events, according to NASA Scientists, probably occurred immediately (or just a VERY little time) after the Crater formation. If you look closely, you can also see that the Inner Rim appears to host small patches of Hollows. One clue to understand the Hollow formation is that they appear to form, preferentially (but NOT always!), on Sunward-facing Slopes (and since this Impact Crater is located at a high Northern Latitude, its Northern (Inner) Wall gets the most exposure to the Sun). This extra heating may enhance the sudden loss (---> escape) of the Volatiles that are present in and near the subsurface, thus creating those strange, bright Features that are now commonly known as "Hollows" (---> litterally: a "hollow" is a place that once was full of "something" - i.e.: Ice, Gases and/or other Volatiles like Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Methane and Sulfur Dioxide - and that now has become empty).
Date acquired: October 12th, 2012
Image Mission Elapsed Time (MET): 258544256
Image ID: 2752092
Instrument: Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
Center Latitude: 59,38° North
Center Longitude: 307,20° East
Resolution: 16 meters/pixel
Solar Incidence Angle: 71,8° (meaning that the Sun, at the time that the picture was taken, was about 18,2° above the imaged Local Mercurian Horizon)
Emission Angle: 50,2°
Sun-Mercury-Messenger (or "Phase") Angle: 122,1°
This picture (which is an Original NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft Map Projected b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16948) has been additionally processed and then colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - MESSENGER Spacecraft and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mercury), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Minerals) present on the Surface of Mercury, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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090-Craters-Cornelia_Crater-PIA16489-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgCornelia Crater (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)112 visiteThis frame shows us a consistent number of examples of long, narrow and sinuous Gullies that scientists on NASA's Dawn Mission have found on the Giant Asteroid 4-Vesta. The Impact Crater shown here is called Cornelia and the Gullies inside it - called "Type-B" Gullies - are different substantially from the straighter, wider, shorter Gullies that Planetary Scientists have found on different Celestial Bodies (like the ones located on the Rims of many Martian Impact Craters, for instance) and which are designated as "Type-A" Gullies (and the reason of such a distinction is found in the circumstance that these two Gully-types have different formation mechanisms). This picture was obtained by the NASA - Dawn Spacecraft Framing Camera on January 11, 2012; North is up.
This frame (which is an Original NASA - Dawn Spacecraft b/w image published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16489) has been additionally processed and then colorized, according to an informed speculation carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Dawn Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Surface of the Giant Asteroid 4-Vesta), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present on the Surface of 4-Vesta, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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Saturn-PIA14656-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgThe restless Saturnian Atmosphere (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)104 visiteThe always richly dynamic Atmosphere of Saturn rewards - once again - its observers by showing unique and fascinating (even though just temporary) Cloud Structures and Formations. Here, the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft used the Near-InfraRed filters on its Wide-Angle Camera to get a better look at some of Saturn's Cloud Patterns, which are continuously shaped (and re-shaped, restlessly) by the powerful Winds and Storms that keep blowing and forming, respectively, in the Upper Atmosphere of the ringed Gas-Giant Planet.
The view is centered at 30° North Latitude and 42° West Longitude; North is up and rotated 44° to the right. The image was taken with the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Wide-Angle Camera on December 24, 2012, using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 752 nanometers. The image was acquired at a distance of approximately 440.000 miles (such as about 708.000 Km) from the top of Saturn's Clouds and at a Sun-Saturn-CASSINI Spacecraft, or Phase, Angle of 14°. Image scale is roughly 26 miles (such as 41,84 Km) per pixel.
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Cassini Spacecraft b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal and identified by the n. PIA 14656) has been additionally processed and then colorized, according to an educated guess carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Gas-Giant Planet Saturn), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present in the Upper Atmosphere of Saturn, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of the Clouds and Hazes (as well as the luminosity of Saturn itself) seen in this frame would appear, to an average human eye, way lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumApr 20, 2013
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Craters-Gale_Crater-PIA16289-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgGale Crater (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)111 visiteDuring the month of April, of the AD 2013, Mars will be in a so-called "Conjunction" relative to the Planet Earth. This means that the Sun is exactly in the line-of-(direct) sight between the two aforementioned Celestial Bodies, such as our Home Planet Earth and the Red Planet. In this Spatial Configuration, as you can easily understand, the communications between the two Planets are - in fact - almost impossible; however, during the Conjunction Period, the Rovers operating on the Surface of Mars and the Spacecrafts orbiting around it, will continue to operate, but without sending all the collected data to Earth. This data, which are all recorded and stored, will be sent to Earth when the Conjunction is over, Mars shall have moved away from behind the Sun (of course, only from our Terrestrial point of view) and therefore the line-of-(direct) sight between Earth and Mars is re-established.
During the Conjunction Period, the "NASA - THEMIS Image of the Day" will be a visual tour of Gale Crater, such as the location of the newest Mars Exploration Rover (and Laboratory) Curiosity. The first image of Gale Crater that we propose you on today's APOD (image that was taken more than 6 years ago, by the NASA - Mars Odyssey Orbiter, during its 23.897th orbit around the Red Planet) shows, among other Features, the Landing Site of the Mars Exploration Rover (and Laboratory) Curiosity (which is located approximately near the center of the image). On the other hand, the Dark Material that is visible towards the South (the lower portion of the frame), is just (Basaltic, most likely) Sand that is set on the Floor of Gale Crater in the form of Dunes; Dunes that the Curiosity Rover, in a way or another, will have to navigate through in order to get to the Layered Central Deposit (also partially visible in the frame), whose official name, as you should know by now, is "Mount Sharp".
Latitude (centered): 4,47891° South
Longitude (centered): 137,46500° East
Instrument: VIS
Captured: April, 5th, 2007
This frame (which is an Original Mars Odyssey Orbiter b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16289) has been additionally processed and then colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Mars Odyssey Orbiter and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mars), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team.MareKromiumApr 14, 2013
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Craters-Gale_Crater-PIA16240-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgGale Crater (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)105 visiteThis is a 9 years' old frame taken by the NASA - MArs Odyssey Orbiter during its 11330th orbit around the Red Planet; it shows us, again (but, this time, from a slightly different position as to the one where the picture that we published yesterday was obtained), some more Features of the Floor of Gale Crater, including - once again - the Landing Site of the Mars Exploration Rover (and Laboratory) "Curiosity" (bottom right portion of the image, near the Dark Dunes), and a medium-sized Channel that cuts through the Crater's Rim (on the left side of the frame).
Latitude (centered): 4,2574° South
Longitude (centered): 137,3510° East
Instrument: VIS
Captured: July, 4th, 2004
This frame (which is an Original Mars Odyssey Orbiter b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 16240) has been additionally processed and then colorized in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Mars Odyssey Orbiter and then looked down, towards the Surface of Mars), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team.MareKromiumApr 14, 2013
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