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| Ultimi arrivi - Titan: The "Foggy" Moon |
Titan-PIA21890.jpgTitan116 visiteCaption NASA Originale:"As it glanced around the Saturn system one final time, NASA's Cassini Spacecraft captured this view of the planet's giant moon Titan. Interest in mysterious Titan was a major motivating factor to return to Saturn with Cassini-Huygens following the Voyager mission fly-bys of the early 1980s. Cassini and its Huygens probe, supplied by the ESA (European Space Agency), revealed the moon to be every bit as fascinating as scientists had hoped.
These views were obtained by Cassini's Narrow-Angle Camera on Sept. 13, 2017. They are among the last images Cassini sent back to Earth.
This natural color view, made from images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters, shows Titan much as Voyager saw it - a mostly featureless golden orb, swathed in a dense Atmospheric Haze. An enhanced-color view (such as this one) adds to this color a separate view taken using a spectral filter (centered at 938 nanometers) that can partially see through the haze.
The views were acquired at a distance of about 481.000 miles (such as approx. 774.094,464 Km) from Titan. The image scale is about 3 miles (roughly 4,828 Km) per pixel".MareKromiumMar 12, 2020
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Titan-PIA21902.jpgThe uneven Atmosphere of Titan138 visiteLe diverse stratificazioni dell'Alta Atmosfera di Titano sono ben visibili in questa foto CASSINI dell'ormai lontano AD 2005.
In questo frame, ci appare del tutto evidente che la densità dell'Atmosfera di Titano NON é strettamente correlata all'altezza della stessa (ergo delle sue nuvole e nebbie) rispetto al Datum (Altitudine Zero); le turbolenze (e quindi anche la composizione chimica dell'Atmosfera) sembrano estendersi e rivolgersi, a volte, da strati più bassi verso quelli più alti, mentre, in altri casi, sembra avvienire esattamente l'opposto.
Questa conclusione é stata basata sull'esame di immagini sequenziali che coprissero la medesima Regione Titaniana per svariati minuti (o decine di minuti). In questo frame le innumerevoli "disomogeneità" sono del tutto palesi.
Non possiamo neppure escludere l'esistenza di (violentissime) correnti convettive le cui cause, tuttavia, non sono ancora chiare.
Caption NASA Originale:"In this view, individual Layers of Haze can be distinguished in the Upper Atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Titan's Atmosphere features a rich and complex chemistry originating from Methane and Nitrogen (---> Azoto) and evolving into complex molecules, eventually forming the "Smog! that surrounds the moon (even at extremely lower altitudes).
This Natural Color image was taken in Visible Light with the Cassini Spacecraft wide-angle camera on March 31, 2005, at a distance of approximately 20.556 miles (such as about 33.081,67 Km) from Titan. The view looks toward the North Polar Regions on the moon's Night-Side. Part of Titan's sunlit crescent is visible at right (Dx).
The Cassini Spacecraft ended its mission on Sept. 15, 2017".MareKromiumMar 12, 2020
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Titan-PIA22481-1.jpgThe Great Seas and Lakes of Titan172 visiteCaption NASA:"During NASA's Cassini mission's final distant encounter with Saturn's giant moon Titan, the Spacecraft captured this view of the truly enigmatic moon's North Polar landscape of Lakes and Seas, which are filled with liquid Methane and Ethane.
Punga Mare (about 240 miles, or approx. 386,2 Km, across) is seen just above the center of the mosaic, with Ligeia Mare (roughly 300 miles, or about 48,3 Km, wide) below center and vast Kraken Mare stretching off 730 miles (such as approx. 1.174,8 Km) to the left of the mosaic. Titan's numerous smaller and still Unnamed Lakes can be seen around the seas and scattered around the right side of the mosaic. Among the ongoing mysteries about Titan is how these Seas and Lakes are formed.
Another mystery at Titan has been the weather. With its extremely dense Atmosphere, Titan has a Methane Cycle much like Earth's Water Cycle of evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, surface runoff into Rivers, and collection in Lakes and Seas.
During Titan's Southern Summer, the Cassini Spacecraft also observed Cloud activity over the South Pole.
However, typical of observations taken during Northern Spring and Summer, the view here reveals only a few small clouds. They appear as bright features just below the center of the mosaic, including a few above Ligeia Mare.
The images in this mosaic were taken with the ISS Narrow-Angle Camera, using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 938 nanometers.
They were captured on Sept. 11, 2017, during Cassini's last encounter with Titan. Four days later, Cassini was deliberately plunged into the Atmosphere of Saturn.
The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 87.000 miles (a little less than 140,013 Km) from Titan. Image scale is about 0,5 miles (approx. 800 meters) per pixel.
The image is an Orthographic Projection centered on 67,19° North Latitude and 212,67° West Longitude.
Note: an Orthographic View is most like the view seen by a distant observer looking through a telescope".MareKromiumGen 23, 2020
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Titan-PIA21624.jpgDouble Titan136 visiteCaption NASA:"These two views of Saturn's moon Titan exemplify how NASA's Cassini Spacecraft has revealed the Surface of this fascinating world.
Cassini carried several instruments to pierce the veil of hydrocarbon haze that enshrouds Titan. These include the Spacecraft's Radar and the Visual and InfraRed Mapping Spectrometer, or VIMS. The mission's imaging cameras also have several spectral filters sensitive to specific wavelengths of InfraRed Light that are able to make it through the Haze to the Surface and back into space. These "spectral windows" have enable the imaging cameras to map nearly the entire surface of Titan.
In addition to Titan's Surface, images from both the imaging cameras and VIMS have provided windows into the moon's ever-changing Atmosphere, chronicling the appearance and movement of Hazes and Clouds over the years. A large, bright and feathery band of Summer Clouds can be seen arcing across high Northern Latitudes in the view at right (Dx).
These views were obtained with the Cassini Spacecraft Narrow-Angle Camera on March 21, 2017. Images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters were combined to create the Natural-Color View on the left (Sx).
The false-color view at right (Dx) was made by substituting an InfraRed image (centered at 938 nanometers) for the red color channel.
The views were acquired at a distance of approx. 613.000 miles (such as a little more than 986.000 Km) from Titan and the Image Scale is roughly 4 miles (such as approx. 6,437 Km) per pixel".MareKromiumGen 23, 2020
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Titan-South_Polar_Vortex-PIA17163-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgDouble Crescent (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/IPF)57 visiteTitan's South Polar Vortex mimics the moon itself, creating - as you can (barely) see in this frame, taken by the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft on December, 1, 2013 - a somehow elegant "crescent within a crescent". In fact, situated above the (surrounding) South Polar Atmosphere, the raised Walls of the Vortex, which stand along its Sunward Side, can just catch the grazing Sunlight, thus creating a "crescent" of its own. Titan (that, as you should know by now, is approx. 3200 miles - such as about 5149,88 Km - across) is Saturn's largest moon and possesses an extremely dense and ultra-dynamic Atmosphere, whose true characteristics are still a mistery.
Speaking of unanswered questions as well as problems which are still unsolved, we have to say - as IPF - that the true nature (---> meaning Seasonal or Permanent) of the South Polar Vortex keeps being, up to now, an highly controversial subject in the Planetary Scientists' Community. However, a definitive answer about the aforementioned question - and we like to say "obviously" -, will come, in a way or another, in time. For now, the only - truly - wise thing to do, is to keep looking...
This view looks toward the Trailing Hemisphere of Titan and North is up. The image was taken with the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Wide-Angle Camera - as we wrote herebefore - on December, 1, 2013, by using a Spectral Filter which preferentially admits Wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 939 nanometers. This frame was obtained at a distance of approximately 108.000 miles (such as about 173.808,72 Km) from Titan and the scale is roughly 6 miles (such as approx. 9,65 Km ) per pixel.
This frame (which is an Original NASA - CASSINI Spacecraft's b/w and NON Map-Projected image published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 17163) has been additionally processed, contrast enhanced, magnified to aid the visibility of the details, Gamma corrected and then colorized - according to an educated guess (or, if you wish, an informed speculation) carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga - in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon "Titan"), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Gases) present in the Atmosphere of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of Titan - as it is in this frame - would appear, to an average human eye, a little bit lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumMag 07, 2014
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Titan-MF-EB-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgLakeland (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Elisabetta Bonora and Marco Faccin/LXTT/IPF)127 visiteUn esempio di come cambia la "visione" di un Mondo, quando si passa dai Colori Naturali (ossia i colori di un Corpo Celeste visti attraverso "Occhi Elettronici") ai Colori Naturali Assoluti (ossia i colori di un Corpo Celeste visti attraverso "Occhi Umani Medi"). Si noti, per Diritto ai Crediti e per Onestà Intellettuale, che la dizione "Colori Naturali Assoluti" è il prodotto di una tecnica di colorizzazione delle immagini totalmente basata sull'impiego di "Luci Virtuali", è un prodotto "Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation" e, per quanto attiene il suo "merito", poggia su assunzioni che, sebbene razionali e scientificamente accettabili (visione media, percezione dei colori media e percezione della luminosità media nell'occhio umano), nei fatti potrebbero rivelarsi errate. Questo solo per dire che noi NON pretendiamo di avere la Verità fra le mani, ma applichiamo un Approccio Razionale nella ricerca della Verità stessa.MareKromiumGen 30, 2014
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Titan-MF-EB-LXTT-IPF~0.jpgLakeland (Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Elisabetta Bonora and Marco Faccin/LXTT/IPF)93 visiteIl Polo Nord di Titano, con i suoi Grandi Laghi di "Idrocarburi Affioranti" che emergono dalla nebbia. Bellissima.MareKromiumGen 30, 2014
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Titan-PIA17151-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgTitanian Restlessness (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)78 visiteTitan's restless Upper Atmosphere puts on a display with the "detached" Haze to the North (---> the so-called "North Polar Hood" - top of image) and the Polar Vortex to the South.
This view looks toward the Saturn-facing Hemisphere of Titan; North is up and rotated 24° to the left. The image was taken with the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Narrow-Angle Camera on August 20, 2013 using a Spectral Filter sensitive to Wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 889 nanometers. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1,6 Million Miles (such as a little less than 2,575 Million KiloMeters) from Titan; the image scale is roughly 9 miles (such as approx. 14,484 Km) per pixel.
This frame (which is an Original NASA - CASSINI Spacecraft's b/w and NON Map-Projected image published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal with the ID n. PIA 17151) has been additionally processed, contrast enhanced, magnified to aid the visibility of the details, Gamma corrected and then colorized - according to an educated guess (or, if you wish, an informed speculation) carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga - in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon "Titan"), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among other things, the existence of different Elements (Gases) present in the Atmosphere of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of Titan - as it is in this frame - would appear, to an average human eye, a little bit lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumGen 25, 2014
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Titan-Fensal_and_Aztlan-PIA07732-PCF-LXTT-IPF-1.jpgFensal (EDM - Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)55 visiteDuring its September 7, 2005, Fly-By of the Saturnian moon Titan, the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft acquired a series of images of a Territory located on the moon's Saturn-facing Hemisphere that were afterwards assembled so to create this small mosaic: once known only as "The H" (because this whole Region looks something like the letter "H", when oriented on its side), the Surface Features visible here now possess provisional names that were assigned to them by the International Astronomical Union (or "IAU", for short).
The Northern Branch of "The H" (shown in this EDM) is now called "Fensal," while the Southern Branch is known as "Aztlan."
Fensal is littered with small "Island-like Landforms" ranging in size from about 5 to 40 Km (such as from approx. 3,1 to a little less than 25 miles) across. These Landforms currently are thought to be Water-Ice Upland Areas (---> kind of small Hills), surrounded by shallower Terrain that is filled-in with dark Particulate Material probably precipitated from the Lower Atmosphere of Titan. In Western Fensal, a few larger Islands can also be seen, like Bazaruto Facula (visible in the upper right corner here and containing what seems to be an Impact Crater or, maybe, a Volcainc Edifice). When viewed in images of Shangri-La (another Titanian Region located on the opposite side of Titan as to Fensal and Aztlan), the Island-like Landforms of this size tend to occur in "clusters" (---> groups) with an apparent so-called "Preferred Orientation" (perhaps due to the action of the Dominant Winds blowing over those Territories). The small Islands found in Fensal, instead, appear much more scattered (and most of them appear roughly circular), although a few Islands do have (show) an East-West orientation to their long axis.
The mosaic is centered at 7° North Latitude and 21° West Longitude on Titan and the frames composing it were taken by the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Narrow-Angle Camera using a filter sensitive to Wavelengths of Near-InfrarRed Light centered at 938 nanometers. They were acquired at distances ranging from approximately 200.600 to 191.800 Km (such as from about 124.572 to 119.108 miles) from Titan. The Mean Resolution in the images forming the mosaic is about 2 Km (such as 1,242 miles) per pixel.
This picture (which has been cropped from an Original NASA - Cassini Spacecraft b/w image-mosaic published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal and identified by the n. PIA 07732) has been additionally processed, magnified, contrast enhanced and then colorized, according to an educated guess carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon Titan), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present in the Atmosphere and on the Surface of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of the Clouds and Hazes (as well as the luminosity of the Surface of Titan itself), as seen in this mosaic, would appear, to an average human eye, way lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumGiu 16, 2013
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Titan-Fensal_and_Aztlan-PIA07732-PCF-LXTT-IPF-0.jpgFensal and Aztlan (CTX Image-Mosaic - Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)59 visiteDuring its September 7, 2005, Fly-By of the Saturnian moon Titan, the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft acquired a series of images of a Territory located on the moon's Saturn-facing Hemisphere that were afterwards assembled so to create this small mosaic: once known only as "The H" (because this whole Region looks something like the letter "H", when oriented on its side), the Surface Features visible here now possess provisional names that were assigned to them by the International Astronomical Union (or "IAU", for short).
The Northern Branch of "The H" is now called "Fensal," while the Southern Branch is known as "Aztlan."
Fensal is littered with small "Island-like Landforms" ranging in size from about 5 to 40 Km (such as from approx. 3,1 to a little less than 25 miles) across. These Landforms currently are thought to be Water-Ice Upland Areas (---> kind of small Hills), surrounded by shallower Terrain that is filled-in with dark Particulate Material probably precipitated from the Lower Atmosphere of Titan. In Western Fensal, a few larger Islands can also be seen, like Bazaruto Facula (visible to the right here and containing what seems to be an Impact Crater or, maybe, a Volcanic Edifice). When viewed in images of Shangri-La (another Titanian Region located on the opposite side of Titan as to Fensal and Aztlan), the Island-like Landforms of this size tend to occur in "clusters" (---> groups) with an apparent so-called "Preferred Orientation" (perhaps due to the action of the Dominant Winds blowing over those Territories). The small Islands found in Fensal, instead, appear much more scattered (and most of them appear roughly circular), although a few Islands do have (show) an East-West orientation to their long axis.
Aztlan, on the other hand, appears comparatively devoid of small Island-like Landforms, with only three large Islands located in its Western Reaches, plus only a few smaller Islands. The largest one of these Landforms is called "Sotra Facula" (visible just right of center in the bottom left portion of the mosaic), and measures approx. 240 by 120 Km (such as about 149 to 74,52 miles) across.
The mosaic is centered at 7° North Latitude and 21° West Longitude on Titan and the frames composing it were taken by the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Narrow-Angle Camera using a filter sensitive to Wavelengths of Near-InfrarRed Light centered at 938 nanometers. They were acquired at distances ranging from approximately 200.600 to 191.800 Km (such as from about 124.572 to 119.108 miles) from Titan. The Mean Resolution in the images forming the mosaic is about 2 Km (such as 1,242 miles) per pixel.
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Cassini Spacecraft b/w image-mosaic published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal and identified by the n. PIA 07732) has been additionally processed, magnified, contrast enhanced and then colorized, according to an educated guess carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon Titan), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present in the Atmosphere and on the Surface of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of the Clouds and Hazes (as well as the luminosity of the Surface of Titan itself), as seen in this mosaic, would appear, to an average human eye, way lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumGiu 16, 2013
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Titan-PIA14663-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgFensal, Aztlan and Kraken Mare (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)56 visiteAlthough it is almost completely hidden from human eyes, the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft can still spot a few dark Features on the Surface of Titan thanks to its special Near-InfraRed Filters. The Surface Features visible here, near the Equatorial Belt, have been dubbed "Fensal" and "Aztlan" by Planetary Scientists and they are believed to be vast (---> large and very long) Dunes made of Particles of Dust (mixed-up with, most likely, other Elements) that precipitated out of the Atmosphere of Titan (but some other possibilities about their origin and composition can also be well considered); on the other hand, near the North Pole of Titan, it is also well visible the largest body of liquids existing on this fascinating Saturnian moon, such as the Kraken Mare.
Furthermore, just barely visible right on top of the South Pole, the huge Vortex that was spotted quite some time ago and that keeps Planetary Scientists busy trying to understand the actual reasons that caused its sudden formation, as well as and the amount of time during which it will still remain active (obviously assuming that such a Vortex is just a seasonal and not a - now - permanent phenomenon).
This view looks toward the Saturn-facing Hemisphere of Titan; North is up and rotated 32° to the right (Dx) and the image was taken with the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft Narrow-Angle Camera on April 13, 2013 using a Spectral Filter sensitive to Wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 938 nanometers. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 1,2 Million Miles (such as about 1,93 Million KiloMeters) from Titan and at a Sun-Titan-Cassini Spacecraft, or Phase, Angle of 4°. The image scale is roughly 7 miles (such as about 11,26 Km) per pixel.
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Cassini Spacecraft b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal and identified by the n. PIA 14663) has been additionally processed, magnified and then colorized, according to an educated guess carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon Titan), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present in the Atmosphere of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of the Clouds and Hazes (as well as the luminosity of Titan itself) seen in this frame would appear, to an average human eye, way lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumGiu 16, 2013
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Titan-Senkyo_Region-PIA14655-PCF-LXTT-IPF.jpgSenkyo Region (Absolute Natural Colors; credits for the additional process. and color.: Dr Paolo C. Fienga/Lunar Explorer Italia/Italian Planetary Foundation)84 visiteThe NASA - Cassini Spacecraft's "Electronic Eyes" peer through Titan's thick layers of Clouds to spy on the Region dubbed "Senkyo" by Planetary Scientists. Among the Dark Surface Features visible in this picture there is also a very vast Field of Dunes, possibly composed of solid Hydrocarbon Particles precipitated out of the Titanian Atmosphere; furthermore, the South Pole of Titan is, as you can see, still shrouded in the huge Vortex that formed only a few months ago (and whose origin is still debated). The lit Terrain seen here is located on the Saturn-facing Hemisphere of Titan; North is up and rotated 18° to the right.
This image was taken with the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft's Narrow-Angle Camera on January 5, 2013, by using a spectral filter sensitive to Wavelengths of Near-InfraRed Light centered at 938 Nanometers. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 750.000 miles (such as a little more than 1,2 Million KiloMeters) from Titan and at a Sun-Titan-Cassini Spacecraft , or Phase, Angle of 79°. Image scale is roughly 4 miles (such as about 6,43 Km) per pixel.
This picture (which is an Original NASA - Cassini Spacecraft b/w frame published on the NASA - Planetary Photojournal and identified by the n. PIA 14655) has been additionally processed and then colorized, according to an educated guess carried out by Dr Paolo C. Fienga (LXTT-IPF), in Absolute Natural Colors (such as the colors that a human eye would actually perceive if someone were onboard the NASA - Cassini Spacecraft and then looked outside, towards the Saturnian moon Titan), by using an original technique created - and, in time, dramatically improved - by the Lunar Explorer Italia Team. Different colors, as well as different shades of the same color, mean, among others, the existence of different Elements present in the Atmosphere of Titan, each having a different Albedo (---> Reflectivity) and Chemical Composition.
Note: it is possible (but we, as IPF, have no way to be one-hundred-percent sure of such a circumstance), that the actual luminosity of the Clouds and Hazes (as well as the luminosity of Titan itself) seen in this frame would appear, to an average human eye, way lower than it has been shown (or, better yet: interpreted) here.MareKromiumApr 14, 2013
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