Mars through the eyes of Soujourner-Pathfinder
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL039-5-SunrisePthf-PIA01548_modest.jpg
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SOU-SOL039-5-SunrisePthf-PIA01548_modest.jpgSunrise on Mars from Pathfinder - Sol 39 (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)159 visiteCaption NASA:"Sunrise, Sol 39. This true color, pre-sunrise image (approximately 05:30 MLT) is composed of six images extending 30 ° in azimuth and 45 ° in elevation and shows the brownish gray predawn sky. A description of the techniques used to generate this color image from IMP data can be found in Maki et al., 1999. Note: a calibrated output device is required accurately reproduce the correct colors.
Mars Pathfinder is the second in NASA's Discovery program of low-cost spacecraft with highly focused science goals. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, developed and manages the Mars Pathfinder mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is an operating division of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The IMP was developed by the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory under contract to JPL. Peter Smith is the Principal investigator".
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SOU-SOL024-PIA01547.jpgSunset on Mars from Pathfinder and...A Star-Like Object! - Sol 24 (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)424 visiteCaption NASA:"The brownish gray sky as it would be seen by an observer on Mars in this four-frame, True Color mosaic taken on sol 24 (at approximately 16:10 M.L.T.). The Twin Peaks can be seen on the horizon. The sky near the sun is a pale blue color. Azimuth extent is 60° and elevation extent is approximately 12°. A description of the techniques used to generate this color image from IMP data can be found in Maki et al., 1999.
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL010-Twin_Peaks-TC-PIA01546_modest.jpg
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SOU-SOL010-Twin_Peaks-TC-PIA01546_modest.jpgTwin Peaks - Sol 10 (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)213 visiteCaption NASA:"The True Colors of Mars based upon three filters with the sky set to aluminance of 60. The color of the Pathfinder Landing Site is yellowish brown with only subtle variations. These colors are identical to the measured colors of the Viking Landing Sites reported by Huck et al. [1977]. This image was taken near local noon (12:00 M.L.T.) on Sol 10. A description of the techniques used to generate this color image from IMP data can be found in Maki et al., 1999".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL033-Landscape-PIA01120.jpg
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SOU-SOL033-Landscape-PIA01120.jpgMartian Landscape - Sol 33 (Enhanced True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)176 visiteCaption NASA:"The Sojourner Rover deploys the Proton X-Ray Spectrometer" onto the rock named "Moe" within the "Rock Garden" in this 75- image, color-enhanced mosaic taken by the imager on the Lander. Image of the Rover in the "Rock Garden" was taken on a different day than the terrain image. The view is to the South/West, with the Carl Sagan Memorial Station in the foreground and South Twin Peak on the horizon about 1 km from the Lander".
[Image processed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA]
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL006-backshell-03-PIA00790_modest.jpg
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SOU-SOL006-backshell-03-PIA00790_modest.jpgThe "Backshell" - Sol 6295 visiteCaption NASA:"During the Entry, Descent and Landing phase of the mission, the final step is the separation of the Lander and it's surrounding Airbags from the Backshell. The conical Backshell above the Lander contains 3 solid rocketmotors each providing about a ton of force for over 2". They are activated by the computer in the Lander. Electrical wires that run up the bridle close relays in the Backshell which ignite the 3 rockets at the same instant. The brief firing of the solid rocketmotors at an altitude of 80-100 meters is intended to essentially bring the downward movement of the Lander to a halt some 12 meters above the Surface. The bridle separating the Lander and Heat-Shield is then cut in the Lander, resulting in the Backshell driving up and into the Parachute under the residual impulse of the rockets, while the Lander, encased in airbags, falls to the Surface. The Backshell is to the S/E of the Lander, and in front and to the left of "Big Crater".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL016-Clouds-PIA00785.jpg
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SOU-SOL016-Clouds-PIA00785.jpg"Cloudy Sky" on Mars - Sol 16180 visiteCaption NASA:"This is the first image ever taken from the Surface of Mars of an overcast sky. Featured are stratus clouds coming from the North/East at about 15 miles per hour (6,7 meters/second) at an approximate height of 10 miles (about 16 Km) above the Surface. The "you are here" notation marks where Earth was situated in the sky at the time the image was taken. Scientists had hoped to see Earth in this image, but the cloudy conditions prevented a clear viewing. Similar images will be taken in the future with the hope of capturing a view of Earth. From Mars, Earth would appear as a tiny blue dot as a star would appear to an Earthbound observer. Pathfinder's imaging system will not be able to resolve Earth's moon.
The clouds consist of water ice condensed on reddish dust particles suspended in the Atmosphere. Clouds on Mars are sometimes localized and can sometimes cover entire regions, but have not yet been observed to cover the entire Planet. The image was taken about an hour and forty minutes before sunrise by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) on Sol 16 at about 10° up from the Eastern Martian Local Horizon".
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SOU-SOL016-PIA00784.jpgPre-Dawn Clouds on Mars - Sol 16 (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)172 visiteCaption NASA:"Pink Stratus Clouds are coming from the North/East at about 15 miles per hour (6,7 meters/second) at an approximate height of 10 miles (about 16 Km) above the Surface. The clouds consist of water ice condensed on reddish dust particles suspended in the Atmosphere. Clouds on Mars are sometimes localized and can sometimes cover entire Regions, but have not yet been observed to cover the entire Planet. The image was taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) on Sol 16 about forty minutes before Sunrise showing areas of the Eastern Martian Local Horizon".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL024-Sunset-PIA00920_modest~0.jpg
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SOU-SOL024-Sunset-PIA00920_modest~0.jpgSunset on Mars - Sol 24 (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)227 visiteCaption NASA:"This is a close-up of the Sunset on Sol 24 as seen by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. The red sky in the background and the blue around the Sun are approximately as they would appear to the human eye. The color of the Sun itself is not correct - the Sun was overexposed in each of the 3 color images that were used to make this picture. The true color of the Sun itself may be near white or slightly bluish".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL004-Deimos_from_Pathfinder-PIA00996_modest.jpg
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SOU-SOL004-Deimos_from_Pathfinder-PIA00996_modest.jpgDeimos, from Pathfinder - Sol 4170 visiteCaption NASA originale: "Mars' outermost natural satellite, Deimos, is seen from the Planet's surface in this Pathfinder image taken at night on Sol 4. This picture was acquired by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera. Using IMP images of Deimos and its companion moon, Phobos, the spectral characteristics of the satellites and properties of the Martian atmosphere are determined".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL050.jpg
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SOU-SOL050.jpgMars Panorama from Pathfinder (edited) - Sol 50 (Enhanced Natural Colors; credits: NASA/JPL/USGS)105 visiteUna bella veduta panoramica del Landing Site della Sonda Soujourner, corredata dall'indicazione di tutte le "aree di interesse", vicine e lontane. Da notarsi due cose: la prima attiene, come sempre, ai colori del paesaggio (incoerenti rispetto ad altre immagini simili o identiche); la seconda, i "nomi" dati dai Tecnici NASA alla maggior parte delle surface features oggetto di studio. Nomi che, come abbiamo detto in altra Sezione, sembrano essere stati estratti da giornali a fumetti per bambini. Semplificazione e volontà di rendere i dati accessibili a tutti o semplice tentativo di banalizzazione? Non è facile rispondere.
Voi cosa ne pensate?
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL008.jpg
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SOU-SOL008.jpgMars Panorama from Pathfinder (Carl Sagan Station) - Soles 8, 9 and 10 (Enhanced Natural Colors - top image - and Natural Colors - bottom image -; credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech)97 visiteAncora un bel panorama di Marte, così come lo vedremmo se fossimo seduti accanto alla Sonda Soujourner. Le considerazioni da svolgere sono le solite. In questo caso Vi offriamo il commento originale al frame: "Each of these panoramic views is a controlled mosaic of approximately 300 IMP images covering 360° of azimuth and elevations from approximately 4° above the horizon to 45° below it. Simultaneous adjustment of orientations of all images has been performed to minimize discontinuities between images. Mosaics have been highpass-filtered and contrast-enhanced to improve discrimination of details without distorting relative colors overall.
TOP IMAGE: Enhanced true-color image created from the "Gallery Pan" sequence, acquired on Soles 8-10 so that Local Solar Time (LST) increases nearly continuously from about 10:00 (right edge) up to about 12:00 (left). BOTTOM IMAGE: Anaglyphic stereoimage created from the "Monster Pan" sequence, acquired in 4 sections between about 8:30 and 15:00 LST on Sol 3".
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![Nome del file=SOU-SOL011-marspath_sunset4.jpg
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SOU-SOL011-marspath_sunset4.jpgClouds in the Martian sunset (True Colors; credits: NASA/JPL)117 visiteUn bellissimo e "veritiero" (a quanto dicono alla NASA) tramonto Marziano a colori. Questa la caption originale all'immagine, ripresa dalla Sonda Pathfinder nel 1997: "You've had a hard day rolling past Martian rocks, so now just relax your APXS and enjoy the Martian Sunset. The above pictures taken by Mars Pathfinder highlight how clouds vary during the end of a Martian day. The Atmosphere on Mars is much thinner than on Earth and dominated by CO2 rather than Nitrogen. Clouds on Mars can be Water or Carbon Dioxide based, depending on conditions, whereas Earth's clouds are all water based. At night the temperature at Sagan Memorial Station will dip from about -15 degrees Celsius (+4 Fahrenheit) to -77 degrees Celsius (-107 Fahrenheit). Temperatures only this cold won't bother Sojourner".
Dati interessanti, senza dubbio. Voi che ne dite? I colori Vi sembrano veritieri?
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