The Soviet "Moon Programme" |
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Unnamed small crater ahead97 vistenessun commento
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Unknown Crater108 visteUn altro cratere senza nome e dalle dimensioni ignote si apre davanti alle telecamere del Lunokhod-1.
Non possiamo esserne certi e la mancanza di punti di riferimento sicuri non ci aiuta; tuttavia, a giudicare da alcuni dei frames che seguono, ci sentiamo di dire che questo cratere venne (probabilmente) esplorato dal Rover il quale riuscì anche a scendere al suo interno: un'operazione - si noti - anche se il cratere è piccolo e poco profondo, per nulla semplice.
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Panorama108 vistenessun commento
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Lunar Crater161 visteUn cratere senza nome e dalle dimensioni non precisate (ma comunque diremmo che esso potrebbe avere un diametro compreso fra gli 8 ed i 10 metri) staziona davanti alle telecamere del Lunokhod-1.
Non sappiamo se esso venne "visitato".
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Large depression and Rover tracks133 visteUn'immagine molto importante poichè ci mostra, in maniera più che discreta, sullo sfondo verso la Vostra Dx, le tracce lasciate dal Rover Lunokhod-1.
Esse, oltre a dimostrare che il Rover si mosse in lungo ed in largo sulla superficie di questa zona del Mare Imbrium, ci dicono pure che questo antenato di Spirit ed Opportunity riuscì, diremmo senza difficoltà, ad attraversare una sensibile depressione del terreno: una prova ulteriore dell'elevata qualità del Rover, dei suoi sistemi di guida remota e delle sue notevolissime capacità di movimento.
Se Vi chiedeste come facciamo a dire che Lunokhod-1 non ebbe problemi ad attraversare la depressione lunare che si vede in questo frame, Vi diciamo che lo abbiamo dedotto dalla linearità delle tracce da esso lasciate sul terreno. Tracce che ci suggeriscono una guida spedita e per nulla indecisa. Le zone più "smosse" della Superficie Lunare, invece, ci indicano, i punti di stazionamento, di (eventuale) slittamento e di sosta per l'esecuzione di esperimenti del Rover.
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The "Nest" of Lunokhod-1 (close detail)159 vistenessun commento
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The "Tracks" - again - of Lunokhod-1140 visteLuna 17 was launched from an Earth parking orbit towards the Moon and entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970. The spacecraft soft landed on the Moon in the Sea of Rains. The spacecraft had dual ramps by which the payload, Lunokhod-1, descended to the Lunar Surface. Lunokhod-1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels. Lunokhod-1 was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, 4 tv cameras and special extendable device to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests. An X-Ray spectrometer, an X-Ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors and a laser device were also included. The vehicle was powered by a solar cell array mounted on the underside of the lid. Lunokhod-1 was intended to operate through 3 Lunar Days but actually operated for 11! The operations of Lunokhod-1 officially ceased on October, 4, 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1. Lunokhod1- traveled 10,54 Km and transmitted more than 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas. It had also conducted more than 500 lunar soil tests.
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The "Nest" of Lunokhod-1177 vistenessun commento
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Tracks on the Moon191 visteAs with many Soviet space images, generation loss prevents us from seeing the original quality. Most Lunokhod images are derived from scanning printed images or second-generation film copies.
Each stage of photography, printing and scanning introduces noise, nonlinear brighness mapping, and (worst of all) clamping to white or black.
As a matter of fact, all these images only hint at the appearance of the original video signal.
Nota: oltre le tecnicalità sulla fotografia, guardate attentamente il "nido" e le "tracce" lasciate dal Rover Lunokhod-1. Eravamo nel 1970, in piena Era Apollo, lontanissimi dai giorni di Spirit ed Opportunity eppure...eppure la tecnologia di Spirit ed Opportunity c'era già: davanti a noi, in queste immagini, e sulla Luna.
Le considerazioni - inevitabili - che seguono, già le conoscete...
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Mare Imbrium: the Rover is leaving the "nest"...211 visteLuna-17 landed on the Moon on November 15, 1970. The robotic rover, Lunokhod-1 rolled off the landing platform to explore the surface of the Moon for about a month. Two cycloramic cameras on either side of the rover were oriented for 180° horizontal panoramas (500×3000 pixels). These panoramas are sometimes geometrically warped to correct for the 15° tilt of the camera. Two other cameras were oriented for 360° vertical panoramas of 500×6000 pixels, including images of the sky, for star locations. A level indicator was placed below these cameras, with a bull's eye pattern and a small metal ball bearing.
Over 200 panoramas were returned. Two cameras transmitted simultaneously, on 130 and 190 KHz subcarriers. Analysis of these images was carried out by the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (SAI), the Vernadskii Geophysical Institute (GEOKhI), and the Space Research Institute (IKI). The cameras were built by Arnold Selivanov's Team.
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Oceanus Procellarum141 visteThe Luna 13 spacecraft was launched toward the Moon from an earth-orbiting platform and accomplished a soft landing on December 24, 1966, in the Region of Oceanus Procellarum. The petal encasement of the spacecraft was opened, antennas were erected, and radio transmissions to Earth began 4 minutes after the landing. On December 25 and 26, 1966, the spacecraft television system transmitted panoramas of the nearby Lunar Landscape at different Sun angles and each panorama required approx. 100' to transmit. The spacecraft was equipped with a mechanical soil-measuring penetrometer, a dynamograph and a radiation densitometer for obtaining data on the mechanical/physical properties of the Lunar Surface as well as of and the cosmic-ray reflectivity.
Luna 13 transmitted 5 cycloramas over a period of 5/6 days.
It is believed that transmissions from the spacecraft ceased before the end of December 1966.
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Lunar Surface from Luna 12 (2)101 visteLuna 22: launched on June, 2, 1974 - LO;
Luna 23: launched on October, 28, 1974 - Landed in Mare Crisium;
Luna 24: launched on August, 14, 1976 - Landed on the Moon on the18th at 02:00:00 UT (Lat. 12,75° N; Long. 62,20° E - Mare Crisium - Lunar Sample Return).
Zond 3: launched on July, 18, 1965 - Lunar Fly-By;
Zond 4: launched on March, 2, 1968 - Lunar Test Flight;
Zond 5: launched on September, 15, 1968 - Circumlunar - returned to Earth on the 21st of September, 1968;
Zond 6: launched on November, 10, 1968 - Circumlunar - returned to Earth on the 17th of November;
Zond 7: launched on August, 7, 1969 - Circumlunar - returned to Earth on the 14th of August;
Zond 8: launched on October, 20, 1970 - Circumlunar - returned to Earth on the 27th of October
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